🇲🇽 墨西哥 × 資遣、解僱與終止

Termination and Severance — Mexico

Opus research, 2026-04-10. Based on web search across official LFT text (diputados.gob.mx), Justia Mexico, CMS Expert Guide, L&E Global, Lexology, and Mexican law firm publications. Mexico's termination regime is strongly employee-protective: employers bear the full burden of proving just cause, and unjustified dismissal triggers a constitutional three-month indemnity plus back pay. The 2024 reform added digital platform workers to the framework.

1. 主要法源

• Constitución Política (Art. 123)

  • Section A: governs private-sector labor relations
  • Fraction XXII: establishes the right to three months' indemnity for unjustified dismissal (indemnización constitucional) 🟢
  • Full text: https://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/CPEUM.pdf

• Ley Federal del Trabajo (LFT)

  • Latest reform: 2024-12-24 (digital platform workers)
  • Official PDF: http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/LFT.pdf
  • Termination provisions: §47 (just cause), §48 (remedies), §49 (employer exemption from reinstatement), §50 (indemnity calculation), §51 (worker-initiated rescission), §53 (termination of relationship), §162 (prima de antigüedad)
  • Collective termination: §433–439

• Ley del Seguro Social (LSS)

  • Social security discharge obligations upon termination

• 主管機關: Secretaría del Trabajo y Previsión Social (STPS); Federal Labor Courts (Tribunales Laborales — replaced Juntas de Conciliación y Arbitraje per 2019 reform)

2. 核心規定

2.1 合法資遣事由 (Just Cause for Dismissal) 🟢

Mexico distinguishes rescisión con causa justificada (justified termination, no severance) from despido injustificado (unjustified dismissal, full severance).

A. 雇主得不經預告終止契約之事由 (LFT §47)

Employer may terminate the employment relationship without liability when the worker: 🟢

• Written notice requirement: employer must deliver written notice (aviso de rescisión) to the worker at the moment of dismissal, specifying the conduct(s) and date(s). If personal delivery fails, employer must notify the competent Court within 5 business days (§47 last paragraph) 🟢
• Failure to give written notice: the dismissal is presumed unjustified, regardless of whether just cause actually existed 🟡

B. 勞工得即時終止契約之事由 (LFT §51 — Rescisión Indirecta)

Worker may terminate without liability when the employer: 🟢

• Worker who rescinds under §51 is entitled to the same indemnities as unjustified dismissal (§52) 🟢

2.2 預告期 (Notice Period) 🟠

Mexico has no statutory notice period for either employer or employee. 🟢

• There is no "aviso previo" temporal requirement in the LFT for individual terminations
• The employer must give written notice of the cause at the moment of dismissal (§47), but this is a substantive requirement (stating the reason), not a temporal advance-notice period 🟢
• In practice 🟠: employers often give 30 days' notice as a courtesy or per collective bargaining agreement, but this is not legally mandated
• Employee resignation: no statutory notice period; employees may resign at any time. Some CBAs or individual contracts may require 30 days' notice 🟠

2.3 資遣費計算公式 (Severance Formula) 🟢

Severance in Mexico depends on the type of termination:

A. 不當解僱 / Despido Injustificado (Unjustified Dismissal)

The worker chooses between two remedies (§48): 🟢

Option 1: Reinstatement (Reinstalación)

• Reinstatement + back pay (salarios caídos) from dismissal date, capped at 12 months (2012 reform)
• After 12 months, if case is still pending, 2% monthly interest on 15 months' salary accrues 🟢

Option 2: Indemnification (Indemnización)

B. 經濟性終止 (Court-Authorized Closure — §433–439)

For closure or collective termination approved by the Court: 🟢

• 3 months' indemnity + prima de antigüedad
• No 20-days-per-year component in court-authorized closures (§436)

C. 技術變革裁員 (Technological Change — §439)

If employer reduces workforce due to machinery installation or new procedures: 🟢

• 4 months' indemnity + 20 days/year + prima de antigüedad

D. Prima de Antigüedad (Seniority Premium) — LFT §162 🟢

• Formula: 12 days' salary per year of service
• Salary cap: daily salary capped at twice the minimum daily wage 🟢
  • 2025 minimum wage: MXN $278.80/day (general); MXN $419.88/day (Free Zone of the Northern Border) 🔴 — verify with CONASAMI
  • Cap therefore approximately MXN $557.60/day or MXN $839.76/day depending on zone
• When it applies: (a) voluntary resignation with 15+ years of service; (b) any involuntary termination regardless of cause; (c) death of worker 🟢
• Fractions exceeding 6 months count as a full year 🟢

E. Salario Diario Integrado (SDI) 🟢

• Includes base daily salary plus all permanent regular benefits (aguinaldo, vacation premium, etc.)
• Used to calculate the 3-month indemnity and 20-days-per-year components
• Integration factor commonly ~1.0452 for the first year, increases with seniority 🟡

計算範例

Worker with 5 years of service, base monthly salary MXN $25,000 (daily = $833.33), SDI ≈ $870.83

• 3-month indemnity: 90 × $870.83 = MXN $78,375
• 20 days/year: 20 × 5 × $870.83 = MXN $87,083
• Prima de antigüedad: 12 × 5 × min($833.33, ~$557.60) = 60 × $557.60 = MXN $33,456
• Subtotal (before back pay, vacation, aguinaldo): ~MXN $198,914

2.4 經濟性裁員程序 (Economic Layoff Procedure) 🟢

個別終止 (Individual Termination)

Mexico does not have a formal "economic layoff" procedure for individual dismissals. An employer who cannot prove just cause pays the unjustified dismissal package. 🟠

For voluntary separation:

1. Negotiate a separation agreement (convenio) with the worker
2. Ratify the agreement before the competent labor authority (Federal Labor Court or Conciliation Center) to ensure enforceability 🟢
3. Pay all statutory entitlements

集體終止 (Collective Termination — LFT §433–439)

Grounds for collective termination (§434): 🟢

Procedure: 🟢

1. Employer files petition before the competent Federal Labor Court
2. Court reviews whether the cause is genuine
3. Court may authorize total or partial closure
4. If authorized, affected workers receive: 3 months' indemnity + prima de antigüedad (§436)
5. No 20-days-per-year in court-authorized closures 🟢
6. Seniority rule: in partial reductions, workers with less seniority are terminated first (§437) 🟢

Penalties for non-compliance: employer who implements collective termination without court authorization faces full unjustified-dismissal liability for each affected worker 🟡

2.5 非法解僱救濟 (Unlawful Dismissal Remedies) 🟢

勞工可選擇之救濟 (Worker's Choice — §48)

Upon unjustified dismissal, the worker chooses: 🟢

Option A: Reinstatement (Reinstalación)

• Full reinstatement to the same position
• Back pay (salarios caídos) from date of dismissal
• Back pay capped at 12 months (2012 reform) 🟢
• After 12 months, 2% monthly interest on 15 months' salary 🟢

Option B: Indemnification (Indemnización)

• 3 months' SDI + 20 days/year + prima de antigüedad + accrued benefits
• Worker makes the election; employer cannot force one option over the other

雇主免除復職義務之例外 (§49)

Employer may avoid reinstatement (paying §50 indemnity instead) when: 🟢

• Worker has less than 1 year of seniority
• Domestic workers (trabajadores domésticos)
• Temporary workers (eventuales)
• Trust workers (trabajadores de confianza) with direct, constant contact with employer
• Digital platform workers (added by 2024 reform, §49-VI) 🟢

訴訟程序

• 2019 Judicial Reform: tripartite Juntas replaced by independent Federal Labor Courts (Tribunales Laborales) 🟢
• Mandatory conciliation at the Federal Center for Conciliation and Labor Registration (CFCRL) before filing suit 🟢
• Conciliation phase: maximum 45 business days 🟢
• If conciliation fails, case proceeds to Federal Labor Court
• Courts may award moral damages (daño moral) in egregious cases 🟠

2.6 合意終止 (Mutual Termination / Convenio) 🟠

• Legal basis: LFT §33 — agreements between workers and employers valid if they do not waive worker rights 🟢
• Convenio de terminación: written separation agreement specifying all payments
• Ratification: to be fully enforceable and bar future claims, must be ratified before the Federal Labor Court or Conciliation Center (§33) 🟢
• Common practice 🟠:
  • Employers offer "liquidación" (full severance) voluntarily to avoid litigation risk
  • Negotiated packages often exceed statutory minimums for senior employees
  • Worker signs a comprehensive release (finiquito/liquidación document)
• Finiquito vs. Liquidación 🟠:
  • Finiquito: payment of accrued benefits upon any separation (vacation, aguinaldo, etc.) — does NOT include the 3-month indemnity
  • Liquidación: full severance package including 3-month indemnity, 20 days/year, prima de antigüedad — implies unjustified dismissal or employer-initiated separation
• Risk: un-ratified agreements can be challenged by the worker claiming unjustified dismissal 🟡

2.7 特定族群解僱限制 (Protected Categories) 🟢

懷孕勞工 (Pregnant Workers)

• Dismissal of pregnant workers is protected through multiple provisions: 🟡
  • LFT §133-I: employers prohibited from refusing to hire or requiring pregnancy tests 🟢
  • Constitution Art. 123-A-V: maternity leave protection 🟢
  • Federal Law to Prevent and Eliminate Discrimination (LFPED) 🟢
• Dismissal during pregnancy or maternity leave is presumed discriminatory; employer bears burden of proving just cause 🟡

工會代表 (Union Representatives)

• CBA may include clauses protecting union leaders from dismissal 🟠
• 2019 reform strengthened freedom of association and secret ballot requirements 🟢
• Dismissal related to union activity may trigger additional protections 🟡

職災勞工 (Workers with Occupational Injuries)

• Protected during medical treatment period 🟡
• Employer cannot dismiss worker solely due to occupational disability; must offer alternative position if available 🟠
• Permanent total disability terminates the relationship with full indemnity per §53 🟢

未成年勞工 (Minor Workers — ages 15–17)

• Enhanced protections under LFT Title Five Bis 🟢
• Same termination rules apply with closer labor-inspector oversight 🟠

信任職位勞工 (Trust Workers / Trabajadores de Confianza)

• Defined in LFT §9: workers performing direction, inspection, surveillance, or fiscal functions 🟢
• May be dismissed for "reasonable ground for loss of trust" (motivo razonable de pérdida de la confianza), a broader standard than §47 🟢
• If dismissed without reasonable ground: entitled to 3 months' indemnity + prima de antigüedad, but NOT reinstatement (§49) 🟢
• Classification is determined by actual duties, not job title 🟡

3. 立法理由與實務見解

• 立法背景:

  • Mexico's labor law is rooted in the 1917 Constitution (Art. 123), one of the first constitutions worldwide to enshrine labor rights at the constitutional level 🟢
  • The LFT places the full burden of proving just cause on the employer; any procedural deficiency (e.g., failure to deliver written notice) renders the dismissal unjustified 🟡
  • The 2012 reform introduced the 12-month cap on salarios caídos, ending the practice of prolonging litigation to accumulate years of back pay 🟢
  • The 2019 reform replaced tripartite Juntas de Conciliación y Arbitraje with independent Federal Labor Courts and mandated pre-suit conciliation 🟢
  • The 2024 reform (Dec 24, 2024) added digital platform workers (Chapter IX Bis) with modified termination rules 🟢

• 重要實務見解:

  • 🟡Written notice defect is fatal: SCJN and Circuit Courts consistently hold that failure to deliver the written dismissal notice (or notify the Court within 5 business days) renders the dismissal unjustified, regardless of actual cause
  • 🟡Employer bears full burden of proof: in all dismissal disputes, the employer must prove the existence and severity of the cause; the worker need only prove the employment relationship and the fact of dismissal
  • 🟠"Analogous causes" (§47-XV) narrowly construed: courts require analogous causes to be of truly equivalent gravity; employers cannot use this as a catch-all
  • 🟠Constructive dismissal: if employer unilaterally modifies essential working conditions (salary, position, schedule), the worker may invoke §51 and claim full severance
  • 🟡Ratified convenios are very difficult to challenge: once ratified before the labor authority, the worker has a narrow window to allege fraud or duress

• 近年趨勢:

  • 2019 judicial reform still being implemented across states; some jurisdictions still operating under transitional rules 🟠
  • Digital platform worker regulation (2024) creates a new employment category with modified §49–50 rules but preserves core severance rights 🟢
  • Minimum wage increases (2024–2025) directly affect prima de antigüedad calculations and severance floors 🟢
  • Outsourcing reform (2021) banned labor subcontracting, increasing direct employment and associated termination costs 🟢

4. 法律適用邊界與實務灰色地帶

• 🟠Trabajadores de confianza boundary: whether a worker is "confianza" or regular is frequently litigated; courts apply a functional test based on actual duties, not job title
• 🟠Outsourcing reform (2021): companies using specialized-service providers must carefully structure relationships to avoid joint employment liability upon termination
• 🟠NDAs and non-competes: non-compete clauses are generally unenforceable under Mexican law due to the constitutional right to work (Art. 5); NDAs may be valid if limited in scope
• 🟠Probationary period (§39-A): up to 30 days (180 days for management); dismissal during probation for failing requirements does not require full severance, but employer must prove the worker was informed of evaluation criteria
• 🔴Digital platform workers (2024): specific procedural requirements for termination still being clarified by secondary regulations; no judicial precedent yet
• 🟠Corporate group (grupo empresarial): workers may claim solidary liability from all group entities, increasing severance exposure
• 🟠Salary-cap disputes on prima de antigüedad: when the worker's daily salary significantly exceeds the 2× minimum wage cap, litigation may arise over which salary components are included

5. 常見雇主義務清單

• 🟢Deliver written notice of cause (aviso de rescisión) at the moment of dismissal — specify conduct(s) and date(s)
• 🟢If personal delivery fails, notify the Federal Labor Court within 5 business days
• 🟢Pay 3 months' SDI for unjustified dismissal (indemnización constitucional)
• 🟢Pay 20 days' SDI per year of service when employer opts out of reinstatement (§49–50)
• 🟢Pay prima de antigüedad: 12 days' salary per year (capped at 2× minimum wage)
• 🟢Pay proportional vacation, vacation premium (25%), and aguinaldo
• 🟢File social security discharge notice (baja) with IMSS within 5 business days
• 🟢For collective terminations: obtain Federal Labor Court authorization before implementing
• 🟢Apply seniority rule for partial reductions (§437): less-senior workers first
• 🟡Ratify separation agreements (convenio) before the labor authority to prevent future claims
• 🟡Maintain documentation of just cause (witnesses, records, prior warnings) for potential litigation
• 🟡Ensure trust-worker (confianza) classification is supported by actual job functions
• 🟢Do not require pregnancy tests or dismiss workers for pregnancy-related reasons

6. 與其他轄區比較

• vs. taiwan: 🔶 差異 — Taiwan uses a two-track system (economic dismissal §11 + disciplinary §12) with mandatory notice periods (10/20/30 days); Mexico has a single cause list (§47) with no notice period but strict written-notice requirements. Taiwan's severance is 0.5 months/year (capped at 6 months); Mexico's is 3 months + 20 days/year (no cap). Both require employer to prove cause.

• vs. brazil: 🔷 相似 — Both are strongly employee-protective Latin American systems. Brazil uses FGTS (mandatory savings fund) rather than direct severance payments; Mexico uses direct employer-paid indemnity. Both permit mutual termination. Brazil has proportional notice (30–90 days); Mexico has none.

• vs. usa-federal: 🔶 重大差異 — US at-will employment allows termination without cause; Mexico requires cause and imposes severe penalties for unjustified dismissal. Mexico's constitutional three-month indemnity has no US equivalent.

• vs. china: 🔷 相似 — Both require statutory cause and impose significant severance obligations. China's N+1 formula is simpler; Mexico's multi-component calculation is more complex. Both cap certain components.

• vs. india: 🔶 差異 — India requires government approval for layoffs at large firms (100+/300+); Mexico requires court authorization only for collective closures. India's retrenchment compensation (15 days/year) is lower than Mexico's total package.

7. 資料來源

8. 待確認事項