🇭🇺 匈牙利 × 03 休假與國定假日
B 置信度
最後驗證：2026-04-10
內部參考用途 — 未經法務審查，個案請諮詢勞工關係專員。
信賴度標記：
🟢 法條明文
🟡 官方解釋
🟠 實務見解
🔴 存疑／待查
HR 快速摘要
關鍵數字
- Work on public holiday: 100% wage supplement
- | Days 1–15 | Employer | 70% of average daily earnings (betegszabadság) |
- | Day 16+ | Health Insurance Fund | 60% of average daily earnings (táppénz) |
- | Benefit (CSED) | 70% of average daily earnings (from health insurance) |
- | Pay | 10% of absence fee (from social insurance) |
雇主必做
- 與 Czech Republic：🔶 差異 — Hungary has age-scaled annual leave; Czech has more public holidays and longer maternity/paternity leave.
注意風險
- 🟢Provide age-adjusted annual leave (20–30 days)
- 🟢Additional leave for children under 16
- 🟢Allow 7 days at employee's discretion
- 🟢Schedule at least 14 consecutive days if requested
主要法源
- Munka Törvénykönyve (Labor Code, Act I of 2012)
- Act LXXXIII of 1997 on mandatory health insurance benefits
休假與假日 — Hungary (匈牙利)
Applicable law: Munka Törvénykönyve (Labor Code, Act I of 2012, "Mt.").
Currency: HUF.
EU context: EU Directive 2003/88/EC guarantees 4 weeks minimum. Hungarian annual leave meets and exceeds this with age-based scaling.
1. 主要法源
| 法源 | 相關條文 | 標籤 |
|---|---|---|
| Munka Törvénykönyve (Mt.) | §115–131 (annual leave), §126–128 (parental leave), §55 (work-release) | 🟢 |
| Act LXXXIII of 1997 | Sickness benefit (táppénz) | 🟢 |
| Government Decree on public holidays | 11 public holidays | 🟢 |
| EU Directives 2003/88/EC, 2019/1158 | Leave floors | 🟢 |
2. 核心規定
2.1 年假 (Annual Leave)
🟢 — Mt. §116–117: Base entitlement of 20 working days, increasing with age:
| Age bracket | Additional days | Total |
|---|---|---|
| Under 25 | 0 | 20 |
| 25–27 | +1 | 21 |
| 28–30 | +2 | 22 |
| 31–32 | +3 | 23 |
| 33–34 | +4 | 24 |
| 35–36 | +5 | 25 |
| 37–38 | +6 | 26 |
| 39–40 | +7 | 27 |
| 41–42 | +8 | 28 |
| 43–44 | +9 | 29 |
| 45+ | +10 | 30 |
🟢 — Additional leave for children:
| Children under 16 | Additional days |
|---|---|
| 1 child | +2 days |
| 2 children | +4 days |
| 3+ children | +7 days |
- Disabled child: +2 extra days per child
2.2 年假排定與使用 (Scheduling & Use)
🟢 — Mt. §122–124:
- Employer schedules vacation but must allow 7 days at employee's discretion (with 15 days' advance notice by employee)
- Employer must notify employee at least 15 days in advance of scheduled leave
- At least 14 consecutive days must be provided as a block once per year (if employee requests)
- Unused leave must be taken by March 31 of the following year; if employer fails to schedule → employee may take it at own discretion
- Annual leave may be bought out only upon termination (no buy-out during employment)
2.3 國定假日 (Public Holidays)
🟢 — 11 public holidays:
| Date | Holiday |
|---|---|
| Jan 1 | New Year's Day |
| Mar 15 | National Day (1848 Revolution) |
| Good Friday | Moveable |
| Easter Monday | Moveable |
| May 1 | Labour Day |
| Whit Monday | Moveable |
| Aug 20 | St. Stephen's Day (Foundation of State) |
| Oct 23 | Republic Day (1956 Revolution) |
| Nov 1 | All Saints' Day |
| Dec 25 | Christmas Day |
| Dec 26 | Second Day of Christmas |
- Work on public holiday: 100% wage supplement
- Hungary uses "bridge day" (áthidaló nap) system: government may designate Saturday work to create long weekends
🟠 — The bridge day system is announced annually by government decree. Employers and employees must work the designated Saturday to "earn" the bridge day off.
2.4 病假 (Sick Leave)
🟢 — Mt. §126 + Act LXXXIII of 1997:
| Period | Payer | Rate |
|---|---|---|
| Days 1–15 | Employer | 70% of average daily earnings (betegszabadság) |
| Day 16+ | Health Insurance Fund | 60% of average daily earnings (táppénz) |
- Maximum employer-paid sick leave: 15 working days/year
- Maximum state sickness benefit: 1 year (365 days in a 3-year period)
- Employee must submit medical certificate from first day
2.5 產假與育嬰假 (Maternity & Parental Leave)
🟢 — Mt. §127–128:
Maternity leave (szülési szabadság):
| 項目 | 內容 |
|---|---|
| Duration | 24 weeks |
| Start | Up to 4 weeks before due date |
| Benefit (CSED) | 70% of average daily earnings (from health insurance) |
| Eligibility | 365 days of insurance in prior 2 years |
Paternity leave (apasági szabadság):
| 項目 | 內容 |
|---|---|
| Duration | 5 working days (10 days for twins) |
| Timing | Within 2 months of birth |
| Pay | Full salary (employer-paid) |
🔴NON-COMPLIANT — EU Directive 2019/1158 required 10 working days of paternity leave by 2 August 2022. Hungary has NOT complied (still 5 days) and is in breach of EU law. The European Commission may initiate infringement proceedings.
Parental leave (szülői szabadság):
| 項目 | 內容 |
|---|---|
| Duration | 44 working days until child turns 3 |
| Eligibility | 1 year of employment |
| Pay | 10% of absence fee (from social insurance) |
| Non-transferable | Each parent has individual entitlement |
Childcare leave (GYED/GYES):
| Type | Duration | Benefit |
|---|---|---|
| GYED (childcare fee) | Until child turns 2 | 70% of average daily earnings |
| GYES (childcare allowance) | Until child turns 3 | Flat amount (minimum pension equivalent) |
2.6 其他假別 (Other Leave Types)
🟢 — Mt. §55 (work release without pay obligation unless specified):
| Type | Duration | Pay |
|---|---|---|
| Marriage (own) | 2 days (by custom/CBA) | 🔴 — not explicitly in Mt.; typically CBA |
| Death of close relative | 2 days (by custom/CBA) | 🔴 — typically CBA |
| Blood donation | Time necessary | Paid (absence fee) |
| Breastfeeding | 2 × 1 hour/day until 9 months, 1 hour/day until 12 months | Paid |
| Job search during notice | At least half of notice period | Paid (absence fee) |
| Caring for sick child | Per health insurance rules | Sickness benefit rate |
🟠 — Personal leave for marriage, death, and moving is commonly provided through CBAs or employer policy, not directly mandated by the Mt. for most categories.
3. 立法理由與實務見解
年齡累進年假
Hungary's age-based leave scaling reflects the policy that older workers need more rest. This exceeds EU minimums (which only require 4 weeks regardless of age).
EU Directive 對比
| Provision | EU Directive | Hungary |
|---|---|---|
| Minimum annual leave | 4 weeks | 20–30 days (exceeds) |
| Public holidays | Not specified | 11 days |
| Maternity leave | 14 weeks (Directive 92/85) | 24 weeks (exceeds) |
| Paternity leave | 10 days (Directive 2019/1158) | 5 days (below EU target) |
| Parental leave | 4 months each parent (2019/1158) | 44 days (≈2 months, below) |
實務灰色地帶
- Bridge day system: Can create confusion; employer cannot unilaterally change the government-designated schedule
- Parental leave adequacy: The 44-day parental leave at only 10% pay provides minimal income support
- Sick leave day 1: No waiting period — employer pays from first day
4. 雇主合規重點
- 🟢Provide age-adjusted annual leave (20–30 days)
- 🟢Additional leave for children under 16
- 🟢Allow 7 days at employee's discretion
- 🟢Schedule at least 14 consecutive days if requested
- 🟢Pay 100% premium for public holiday work
- 🟢Pay 70% for first 15 days of sick leave
- 🟢Hold position during maternity/parental leave
- 🟢Paternity leave: 5 days within 2 months of birth
- 🟠Track age changes mid-year for leave recalculation
- 🟠Comply with annual bridge day schedule
5. 與其他轄區的關聯
| 比較面向 | 匈牙利 | 捷克 |
|---|---|---|
| Minimum annual leave | 20 days (scales to 30) | 20 days (flat; 25 for public sector) |
| Public holidays | 11 | 13 |
| Maternity leave | 24 weeks | 28 weeks |
| Paternity leave | 5 days | 14 days |
| Parental leave | 44 days + GYED/GYES until age 3 | Until child is 3 |
| Sick leave (employer) | First 15 days at 70% | First 14 days at 60% |
- 與 Czech Republic：🔶 差異 — Hungary has age-scaled annual leave; Czech has more public holidays and longer maternity/paternity leave.
6. 風險警示
- 🔴Denying annual leave: Leave cannot be forfeited; employer must ensure it is taken
- 🟡Paternity leave below EU target: Hungary's 5 days may face EU enforcement action
- 🟡Bridge day non-compliance: Employees cannot be forced to work designated bridge Saturdays without prior notice
- 🟡Termination during maternity/parental leave: Prohibited; violation → reinstatement + damages
7. 資料來源清單
- Munka Törvénykönyve (Act I of 2012) — Nemzeti Jogszabálytár
- Skuad — Hungary Leave Policy 2025
- Boundless — Annual Leave in Hungary
- L&E Global — Employee Benefits in Hungary
- Accace — Labour law in Hungary 2025
- Papaya Global — Hungary country profile
8. 待確認事項
- 🔴 — Whether Hungary plans to increase paternity leave to 10 days to comply with EU Directive 2019/1158
- 🔴 — Exact personal leave entitlements (marriage, death) — Mt. is largely silent; depends on CBA/employer policy
- 🔴 — Current flat amount of GYES (childcare allowance) for 2025/2026
待確認事項：3 項 （詳見內文 §8）